van Dijk, Teun A. (1989) “Mediating racism: The role of the media in the reproduction of racism” in Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse (ed.) Ruth Wodak: 199-226. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

2. Discourse and the reproduction of racism

The news media do not passively describe or record news events in the world, but actively (re-) construct them, mostly on the basis of many types of source discourses. – 203

3. Ethnic minorities in news media

Anti-racist position are often ignored or censored or their coverage by the media is limited to preferably violent demonstration and action. 204-205

Barred from public communication, and hence from persuasive, counter-prevailing power, minority groups are forced into forms of resistance that may attract public attention through media accounts, e.g., disobedience, disruption, or destruction. These will capture the attention of journalists precisely because they are consistent with both news values (negativity, violence, deviance) and with ethnic prejudice (minorities are deviant, violent). – 205

4. Properties of news about the ethnic minority groups

4.1 Presentation

Frequency and size

4.2 Topics and thematic structure

The study of discourse meaning or content may take place at the local level of words and  sentences, and on the global level of topics or themes, which we define in terms of semantic macrostructure. – 209

Thematic structures

4.3 Actor roles

Who is speaking?

4.4 Local meaning, style and perspective

5. Context and conclusions

The media in general and news media in particular play a central role in the very production mechanism of ethnic attitudes and racism. - 220

Quastoff, Uta M. (1989) “Social Prejudice as a Resource of Power: towards he functional ambivalence of stereotypes” in Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse (ed.) Ruth Wodak: 181-196. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

0. Introduction

1. Problems of definition

2. Functions of prejudice

2.1 Cognitive function

2.2 Innerpsychic functions

2.3 Social functions

3. The functional ambivalence of stereotypes between necessary and dangerous functions

4. A possible explanation

Moosmuller, Sylvia (1989) “Phonological Variation in Parliamentary Discussions” in Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse (ed.) Ruth Wodak: 165-180. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

standard language variants is most often associated with intelligence, competence and status-related traits whereas dialect language variants are generally associated with sociability, social attractiveness and trustworthiness. – 165

2. Analysis of sociophonological variation

3. Political speech in parliament

4. Conclusion

Wodak, Ruth (1989) “1968: The power of political jargon – a “Club-2” discussion” in Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse (ed.) Ruth Wodak: 137-163. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Introduction

Political groups need their own language and portray themselves via this language; they define their territory by means of their language; they signal their ideology through certain slogans and stereotypes; their ideological structure is joined together in a certain way and so is their argumentation. – 137

1. Political jargon-myth-ideology-text

1.1  Ideology

We shall use “ideology” and “myth” synonymously as described by Lemberg (1983) and Mannheim (1978). For both these authors these terms mean “systems of ideas which constitute and pilot the large power-blocks of our society.” (Lemberg 1983: 41) – 140

1.2 Democracy and ideology – Bordieu’s concept

1.3 Jargon

1.3 Further characteristics of jargon

2. The institution “club-2” and its significance

2.1 The setting

2.2 Presentation of self and image

3. The “club-2” of June 13^th, 1978

4. Rudi Dutschke: “A socialist tries to find his role in society

4.1 Text-level: argumentative strategies and self-representation

4.2 Lexical level

4.3 Syntactic level

4.4 Summary

5. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, the “active fighter – never say die”!

5.1 Argumentative strategies and self representation: Text level

5.2 Lexical level

6. Summary

Holly, Werner (1989) “Credibility and Political Language” in Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse (ed.) Ruth Wodak: 115-135. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

1. Faith in politicians

2. Grice’s ‘intentions’ and the problem of overtness

2.1 Communication, action, meaning

Herbert P. Grice developed his much discussed model of communication. This model starts out from the assumption that any action has a purpose, i.e. an intended effect, in the case of  communication a reaction r from the addressee. The crucial point of Grice’s construction for our subject seems to be that this effect should not be generated through some causal or conventional mechanism, but through the addressee’s recognition of the addresser’s intention to induce this effect. This has been formulated in the following three conditions:

(1) S intends that H shows r.

(2) S intends that H recognizes that (1)

(3) S intends that H shows r on the basis of his recognition of (1) – 116-117

Most philosophical and linguistic theories define ‘language’ as a means of mutual understanding. The view that language should disclose and not conceal thoughts has been defended ever since the time of Augustin. – 117

2.2 Conventions, understanding, responsibility

3. Two ways of ‘non-communicating’

3.1 The “running-board” technique

3.2 The ‘phantom-meaning” technique

4. Conditions for the use of political language

Sornig, Karl (1989) “Some remarks on linguistic strategies of persuasion” in Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse (ed.) Ruth Wodak: 95-113. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

1. RHETORICAL USE OF LANGUAGE

Persuasion mus pre-eminently be seen as a stylistic procedure. – 96

Words can, in fact, be used as instruments of power and deception, but it is never the words themselves that should be dubbed evil and poisonous, as has become the fashion since the days of F. Mauthner. The responsibility for any damage that might have been done by using certain means of expressions still lies with the users, those who, not being able to alter the reality, try – through interpretative strategies – to change its reception and recognition by their interlocutors. – 96

By impressing or surprising somebody, the persuader tries to make his victim give up his own viewpoint and embrace that of the rhetorician, whereas in the case of flattery and the acting out of chummiess the recipient is convinced that persuader has given up his/her own point of view in favour of that of the persuaded. What is even more effective is when the victim gets the impression that both partners have had the same outlook on reality from the very beginning, in which case the persuader is regarded and accepted as one of the victim’s near and dear. – 96

1.1  Conviction vs. Seduction

1.2  Interlude on intelligibility

1.2.1     Coercive strategies

1.3  Instability of meaning and reduction of semantic content as a result of focusing and attempts at intensification

2. ARGUMENTATION

2.3 Don’t argue, quote

3. PERSUASIVE GRAMMAR

3.4 Phonetics and the magic power of similarity

4. THE LEXICON OF PERSUASION

4.1 The magic of tautology

4.2 Paraphrase

4.2.1 Euphemism

4.3 Semantic shift, albeit transitory, but with purpose

4.5 Key-words and their connotative force

4.5.1 Neologism

5. REMARKABLE UNMARKEDNESS: Simulation of reality of minds by imitation of linguistic variants of intimacy: the persuasive power of mame losn.

Brekle, Herbert E. (1989) “War with Words” in Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse (ed.) Ruth Wodak: 81-91. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

1. Preliminary remarks

Someone wages war on others by means of words; someone seeks adversely to affect the conditions of other peoples’ lives, to obtain power over them, to rob them of their human dignity or, in the extreme case, of their physical existence, using among other means words, statements, texts. – 81

2. Some linguistic considerations

3. Propaganda and censorship (1914-1933)

3.1 A case study of a piece of propaganda of the Allies

3.2 Propaganda strategies of the allies

The methods and ingredients of British propaganda in the First World War are generally reduced to eight basic features:

1. Stereotypes (“bull-necked Prussian officer”)

2. names with negative connotations (“huns”)

3. selection and suppression of facts, often with palliative terms (retreats are called “straightening the front”)

4. reports of cruelty (“Belgian nuns violated”, “hands of children cut off”)

5. slogans (“a war to end all wars”)

6. one-sided reporting (small victories are exaggerated, large defeats are glossed over)

7. unmistakably negative characterization of the enemy (“German militarists)

8. the so-called “bandwagon effect” (“every patriot joins up”) 

He (Hitler) rebuked the Germans for not having understood the value of propaganda as a terrible psychological weapon; all statements issued by the government and the press, both internal and external in nature must be subjective and one-sided on all questions, they must appeal to the primitive feelings of the masses and they must endlessly repeat the same few points. – 87

4. Glimpses on the present-day situation

4.1 A Bavarian example

5. Conclusion