Fludernik, Monika (2005) “Histories of Narrative Theory (II): From Structuralism to the Present” in A Companion to Narrative Theory (eds.) James Phelan & Peter J. Rabinowits: 36-59. Oxford: Blackwell.

Structuralist Narratology: The Rage of Binary Opposition, Categorization, and Typology

Genette’s famous distinction between “who speaks” (the narrator) and “who sees” (what Bal calls the focalizer) helped to promote a narratology that maximizes discreteness and precision in classification. – 40

According to Bal, focalization properly defined requires both a focalizer and an object of focalization. She therefore distinguishes who does the following (an extradiegetic narrator, a character) and what is being focused on (the external behavior of a character or the character’s mind – this corresponds to Genette’s external vs. internal focalization). – 41

Beyond Form: Pragmatics, Gender, and Ideology

The “Narrative Turn” and the Media

The Present: The Cognitivist Turn and the Resurrection of the Linguistic Model